• How do you know 'how much' house you can afford?
• How much should you budget to own your own home?
• How do you go about finding a mortgage?
• How difficult is it to qualify for a mortgage if you have a past credit problem?
• What are the five most common mistakes made by first-time buyers, and how can you avoid them?
• What's the real difference between a new home and an old one?
• Should a buyer get a professional inspection for the home they are buying?
• Is real estate a wise investment?
• Does a home warranty protect a buyer in the event something goes wrong after they have purchased a property?
• Is a pre-closing inspection, that is, an inspection of the property by the buyer before they move in, really important?
• What are contingencies, and why are they important?

BUYING

How do you know 'how much' house you can afford?

There are several ways to gauge how much you can afford to spend on a house. But, before you go house-hunting, get pre-qualified for a mortgage so you'll know in what price range you can shop.

It is not unusual for first-time buyers to be somewhat baffled about how to estimate what mortgage payment they will be able to handle each month, plus how much money they'll need for a down payment and closing costs.

That's why it is a good idea to get pre-qualified through a lender before you even start to look for a home. Pre-qualification lets a buyer know exactly how much a lender is willing to loan them. Obviously, with pre-qualification in hand, the buyer can save a lot of time-and frustration. Pre-qualification does not obligate buyers to take a loan from the lender, nor should it involve any fees (until later, when they actually apply for the loan).

At the same time, you must understand that pre-qualification is not pre-approval for a loan either which is a much more involved formalized process that results in an actual letter of credit from a lending institution for a specific loan. Depending on your unique circumstances, you may wish to consider pre-approval as an option, but it is not necessary-consult with your real estate professional to decide what's right for you.

The less formal process of pre-qualifying on the other hand is a tremendous tool for buyers to have when making an offer. Usually, pre-qualified buyers have an edge when making a purchase offer because the seller knows that the buyer is pre-qualified, and that there is at least one lender ready to make it happen.

In addition, it allows you the flexibility to choose the mortgage that is best for you at the time of actual purchase-which is sometimes months down the road. That can be important given the volatility of interest rates.

When a lender pre-qualifies, they are more concerned about the buyer's paying ability than the price of the property. For this reason, lenders are interested in more than just a buyer's income. They also want to know how much existing debt a buyer has, what their on-going financial obligations happen to be, and what the buyer's monthly budget looks like.

Lenders use an established debt-to-income ratio, usually between .28 to 1 and .38 to 1, to calculate the amount of the loan they are willing to give to a buyer. For instance, a lender who uses a .3 to 1 debt-to-income ratio has determined that payments toward debt reduction-including existing debt plus new debt associated with buying a home-cannot be more than 30% of they buyer's gross monthly income.

An important factor that may influence a lender to authorize a loan with a higher debt-to-income ratio-(where debt payments take a higher percentage of a buyer's income)-is a larger down payment. Buyers who put a larger percentage of the purchase price down (5%, 10%, 15%, 20%, etc.) are considered better "risks," because the theory is that the more a person has actually invested in the purchase, the less likely they are to default on the loan.

Buyers usually discover that the pre-qualification process will produce a home purchase price that is roughly 2 1/2 to 3 times their gross annual income. The 2 1/2 -to-3 guideline is only a general rule of thumb, however, and it doesn't take a buyer's full financial situation into consideration. Since the lender's calculations will also consider a buyer's actual debts and ongoing expenses, the loan pre-qualification amount may be higher or lower.

Regardless of the price bracket a buyer targets, they should keep pre-qualification in mind.

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How much should you budget to own your own home?

Aside from the down payment, the three largest expenditures involved with the purchase of a home are usually your monthly mortgage payment, insurance and taxes. Obviously, the amount of your mortgage payment depends upon your down payment, rate of interest and the price of the property.

Take, for example, a home that has a $100,000 mortgage. An 8% fixed mortgage for 30 years, will run approximately $734 per month. What about taxes? The rate will oftentimes vary from city-to-city, but generally you might expect your yearly tax bill to total around 2% of the purchase price.That means, for a home with a market value of $100,000, yearly taxes might run around $2,000. A local real estate agent can help prospective homeowners refine these figures.

In addition, it is important to keep in mind that there are many additional expenses incurred with home ownership, some of the most obvious are utilities and trash collection. Smart homeowners should also budget for one other item--maintenance and upkeep of the home. If possible, a small amount should be set aside each month to pay for those "rainy day" repairs such as painting, plumbing (hot water heaters, garbage disposals), adding storm windows (to improve energy usage), insulation (in attics), etc. And, if you live in a home coldwell banker success enough there are inevitable repairs-e.g., the cost of roof replacement.

But home ownership is not just a one way street-that is, aside from spending money on repairs and maintenance, homeowners can profit from their property. The most significant benefit is the tax deduction. It is no secret that among the last real income tax deductions available to consumers today are the interest paid on the home loan, and the property taxes. This can amount to thousands of dollars in deductions each year.

And, of course, the primary benefit of home ownership is appreciation-equity that builds every month. A home, aside from being a place that provides shelter, can be a profitable investment, and the rising value of the property oftentimes provides another "savings" account.

So, when it comes to buying a new home, remember one thing...the purchase of a property requires budgeting and planning-but it can also provide the buyer with a coldwell banker success-term investment and a return that is hard to beat.

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How do you go about finding a mortgage?

The commotion of house hunting is finally over. You found just the right house, and your offer has been accepted. It was a great buy. Now, just one more hurdle-getting a loan-and you're home free.

Often, buyers are so eager to get this "final detail" behind them, they rush through this portion of the transaction, and end up with less-than-ideal terms. Borrowers, however, have something lenders want-their business. This positions them to negotiate the best possible price (cost of loan), terms and service.

Let's look at price, or the cost of the loan. The first thing to do is find out what the current rates are, information readily available in your newspaper or from your real estate agent. When comparing rates, figure the annual percentage rate (APR), which includes interest, extra fees and costs amortized over the life of the loan. Also determine the number of points, if any, that the lender will charge to make the loan. (A point is equal to one percent of the loan amount.)

Next, consider what loan options the lender offers. There are six or seven basic types of loans, which vary in their duration. Check how rates are calculated (fixed versus variable), and whether charges are fully amortized over the life of the loan, or whether you'll have to pay points up front and/or balloon payments at the end. Is there a prepayment penalty clause?

Which terms are best for you depends on such factors as what changes you expect in your income, how coldwell banker success you plan to own the home, and what you predict will happen in loan rates in the years ahead. For example, if you only plan to reside in the home for a year or two, starting with a lower Adjustable Rate Mortgage (ARM) might be the best choice. If you have no plans to move, and feel that inflation will rise rapidly, a fixed rate would obviously be better.

Finally, and perhaps most importantly, consider speed and service. Buyers shouldn't have to wait days for approval and weeks for closing just because the lender is slow.

Remember, qualified buyers are great prospects for lenders-so give your business to the lender who demonstrates they not only want it, they deserve it.

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How difficult is it to qualify for a mortgage if you have a past credit problem?

Credit problems can make it harder to qualify, but it's quite possible for buyers with poor credit to obtain a home loan.

Anyone who has had a financial problem-whether it was a matter of late credit payment, delinquent taxes, or even a judgment that was filed-should expect this data to be a factor when applying for a mortgage.

How critical a factor? Minor lapses will probably have little or no effect. However, buyers with serious problems may still qualify for a loan, but they may have to pay a higher rate of interest or provide a larger down payment.

There are three steps that a person with past credit problems should take before applying for a loan. First, request a credit profile from one of three major credit reporting agencies. In fact, it's best to request a report from all three, since not all creditors report information to the same agencies. TRW will furnish a complimentary copy once a year on request, at (800) 392-1122. Equifax (800/685-1111) and Trans Union (800/408-1050) will also furnish reports for a nominal charge.

Second, the buyer should optimize his or her credit profile by citing prompt payment of rent, utilities, and other bills not reported on the credit profiles.

Finally, the buyer should be prepared to provide comprehensive and candid explanations for any late payments to the loan officer. This is important because problems not reported by the buyer but discovered by the lender will reflect unfavorable.

Many lenders are understanding about one-time problems such as the loss of a job, a medical emergency, etc. Buyers with patterns of delinquent payments might want to consider adding six months or a year of flawless credit to their track record before pursuing their home-buying plans. Discuss this with your real estate agent. They can offer excellent suggestions.

So remember-if you are thinking about purchasing a home, but are worried about your past financial record-don't give up. There are solutions, lenders and agents who are in business to help.

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What are the five most common mistakes made by first-time buyers-and how can you avoid them?

A good home-buying decision is one that fits your lifestyle and your budget-a house you'll be able to resell when the time is right. Sound simple? Not always. Here are five common mistakes frequently made by first-time buyers-and how to avoid these pitfalls.

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What's the real difference between a new home and an old one?

While each offers its own style and charm, the difference usually boils down to two things: (1) how the home fits into the buyer's lifestyle; and, (2) the condition of the property.

Homes that are 10 years old or less are generally better insulated-or have dual-glazed windows or thermal panes-which translate into lower heating and cooling bills. And, in today's rising energy cost environment, these considerations are significant. Although there are some exceptions, homes that have been built with all-electric systems, generally have higher utility bills.

Homes that range between 15 and 20 years old may be in need of new water pipes, especially if the old ones were galvanized and if a water softener was used. Water softeners and galvanized pipe can be deadly and, after 15-20 years, re-plumbing is usually required. Have a plumber or general contractor inspect the pipes. Needless to say, it can be expensive to re-plumb an entire system.

Check the built-in fixtures and appliances for any signs of damage. Flush toilets, test all the water taps and the electrical sockets, open and shut the windows, and try all the lights. A window that will not open may be a sign of a more significant problem-for example, a wall may have shifted, or worse yet, it could indicate a problem with the foundation itself.

It is also a good idea to ask the seller for copies of past utility bills. Examine them for some insight into what you can expect monthly gas and electric costs to be.

Although newer homes may be free of significant physical or structural problems, there are other things to consider in making your decision. Generally, room size and yard size tend to be smaller in some newer homes. While, on the other hand, they usually offer the benefit of the latest building and design technology. Many new homes also have more windows and natural light incorporated into their design plan, allowing for a more spacious feel and efficient energy usage.

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Should a buyer get a professional inspection for the home they are buying?

Definitely. Hiring a professional home inspector can save a great deal of grief for buyers. The one exception would be when the home is new and carries a written warranty by the builder.

Many buyers mistakenly believe that the only reason to have a home inspection is to make sure that the house they're buying doesn't have defects serious enough to warrant backing out of the transaction. But there's more to it than that.

Certainly, an inspection will usually reveal major problems that may even surprise the seller. The obvious ones are corroded plumbing, antiquated and unsafe electrical systems, or structural and foundation problems. And, the discovery of such problems may cause the buyer to re-think his or her offer.

Although a competent inspector can uncover deal-crushing defects, these problems are usually not commonplace. Typically, the seller will already have told the buyer about anything major. More often, inspections reveal less serious problems; problems that may not be serious but can be aggravating.

For instance, there could be a minor electrical defect, or inferior ventilation of a heating system or fireplace. If so, the buyer is usually in the position of having the purchase price reduced, or the defect corrected. More important, it also prevents the minor problem from developing into a major disaster a year or two down the road.

There is, of course, the possibility that the home inspection will produce another outcome: everything is fine. In this case, they buyer gains piece of mind, confident about the major investment he or she is about to make. That, too, is an enormous benefit for the cost of the inspection.

Now, how does a buyer find a home inspection?
By asking their real estate agent, friends, or lender. Inspectors are also listed in the Yellow Pages under "Home Inspection Services." But, a word of advice-don't hire a contractor. Contractors earn their living doing repair and renovation work, so their recommendations aren't likely to be as objective as those of a professional inspector.

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Is real estate a wise investment?

In the coldwell banker success run, there are fewer investments that have shown a better return.

However, the key to investing wisely in real estate is understanding how the industry differs from others. For example, when the defense industry dips, it usually shows a national decline and the stock prices of defense-oriented firms drop across the board. The same is true of most industries. They are impacted nationally.

That is not the case with real estate, which is actually an industry and investment driven by local conditions. One community may suddenly lose a manufacturing facility, and almost overnight the market is flooded with properties for sale. An excellent example is southern California. Several years ago, when defense cutbacks began an excess of homes went up for sale, increasing the supply and lowering demand. There, it was a buyer's market. At the same time, Bakersfield, a community less than 150 miles from Los Angeles continued to experience high demand for real estate. With supply short, it was a seller's market.

Obviously, the key to successful real estate investing, like stocks and bonds, is to buy low and sell high. But, how do you know when the "low" has been reached? Or, for that matter, how can you judge when your property may be peaking in value?

Some investors rely partially on the media. They read the daily newspaper, watch television and follow the trends. Although the media provides a good deal of information, remember that by the time things are printed or broadcast, the news may be old. For instance, you will find statistics frequently quoted in the media that have been supplied by the National Association of REALTORS (NAR). But, NAR statistics-like most-tell you where things have been, not where they are going.

So what can you do? First, check local economic indicators. If, for example, a community depends on defense spending, and there is a government cutback, you can be assured that your area will be impacted. Even if the community does not have a major defense contractor, it may have subcontractors.

The local chamber of commerce can frequently help. They usually have information on which companies are moving in and out of an area. Logically, the relocation of a firm into a community generally indicates that demand for real estate in that marketplace will increase-while if firms are moving out of the area, housing demand will often shrink.

Aside from economic indicators, check real estate trends and cycles. Talk to a real estate agent. They can provide statistics on how quickly homes have sold, how prices have fluctuated in the past six to 12 months, and projections of future home sales. They can show you how today's market compares to last year's. Are sales headed up? Down? The same?

The answers will not only help you determine what the market is like in your area, but they will also be critically important in helping you determine when-and where-to make your real estate investment.

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Does a home warranty protect a buyer in the event something goes wrong after they have purchased a property?

Sometimes.

That's because home warranties are oftentimes misunderstood-and not every warranty provides the same protection. All warranty companies are not equal, either.

Warranties, of course, were designed to protect buyers from problems that emerged after they moved into a dwelling. For example, if a major appliance breaks or the roof leaks, the ideal warranty kicks in and pays for the repairs.

On the surface, this sounds simple and straight-forward. But, most of the time it is not.

First, all warranties differ. Aside form the obvious differences-the amount of deductible required-they may also vary insofar as what is covered and what is not. For instance, with some warranties if the hot water heater works on the day of closing, but suddenly does not work six months later, then it may be covered. And, with other policies if the water heater was not in good working condition when the home was purchased, and it breaks a week or two later, there is no coverage.

Complex? Confusing? It can be. Even though the language in the warranty must spell out exactly what's covered, it isn't always the easiest document to understand. Thus, step one in evaluating any warranty should be to take it to your attorney to help you decipher the legalese. It may be well worth the hour or so that it will cost you in legal fees.

Next, is the warranty company financially sound? In many states, warranty companies can be doing business, despite the fact they do not have the funds to back up their policies. Thus, step two when evaluating a warranty is to take the policy to your accountant or a local CPA. Have them check out the warranty company's financials. Can they pay the claims?

Warranties can be critically important when it comes to new construction, too. Obviously, the reputation of the builder is an important consideration. However, problems with new homes can be enormously expensive if they are not covered by a warranty.

There are two types of defects when it comes to new homes-patent or latent. Patent are those problems which can be seen. Cracked plaster, a fence that is off-kilter, etc.

Latent problems develop later, and may not show up for five or six months. Ground shifting, for example. Latent problems are usually more expensive than patent problems. Thus, the warranty for a new home can be one of the most important documents executed during the buying process.

Whether you're purchasing a new home or a resale, remember that warranties definitely have a place when it comes to protection and peace or mind in the real estate transaction-but make sure that you check them out carefully.

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Is a pre-closing inspection -- that is, an inspection of the property by the buyer before they move in -- really important?

Yes, it is. The intent of a pre-closing inspection is to give the buyer one last opportunity to verify that they are getting all that was promised in the sales contract. Although buyers still have legal recourse if they discover-even after closing-that the condition of the home is not as it should be. The best time to identify problems is before closing, when the seller will be motivated to correct any deficiencies in order to close the transaction.

Typically, a buyer takes possession of a property one to three months after signing the sales agreement. But, a lot can happen before the actual move-in. Appliances and fixtures can break down, and walls, carpets and doors can be damaged during the seller's move-out. Sometimes the seller will simply have forgotten that he or she had agreed to leave the refrigerator or window coverings with the house. Whatever the reason, problems identified before closing have the best chance of being remedied.

If possible, schedule the inspection right before the closing, such as the day before. Ask your real estate agent to attend the inspection with you. What should you be inspecting? Using a copy of the sales contract as a checklist, first make sure that all items that should be in place (appliances, built-in furniture, window coverings, fixtures, etc.) are there.

Test each appliance to make sure they work properly. Bring acoldwell banker success an electrical clock or radio to test each electrical outlet. Test all electrical switches and the garage door opener, if there is one. Run the garbage disposal and turn on every water faucet, checking under the sinks for leaks. Flush the toilets. Inspect the floors, carpets, walls and doors for recent damage.

If you discover that something is damaged or missing, make a note of it and inform your agent immediately. In most cases, the seller is usually able to take care of small problems immediately, either by making a needed repair or offering compensation to handle it. And, if there are major problems the seller can even sign a statement acknowledging the deficiency and agree to correct it. Although pre-closing inspections take time and may be inconvenient, they are important and well worth the buyer's time.

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What are `contingencies'-and why are they important?

A `contingency,' is an escape-clause that is added in-writing to a contract which allows a buyer to back out of the transaction if certain conditions aren't met.

Some contingencies, often called `riders'-like attorney approval of the contract, or the passing of a home inspection-are obviously designed to protect buyers from a poorly written contract or a defective home.

Other purchase contingencies may hinge on the buyer's current living situation, or his or her cash-flow.

For example, when it comes to contingencies many first-time buyers can be better prospects for a seller's home than move-up buyers. Why? Because offers from homeowners usually are contingent upon the sale of their present home. And, even if a move-up buyer has an offer for their home in-hand, their buyer's offer may be contingent on another contingency (or sale)-and so on down the line. If one transaction in the chain falls through, they all might.

Cash offers can also be more attractive to sellers. Why? After all, the seller will get their money at closing whether or not the buyer has cash or takes out a loan. True, but cash offers don't require lender approval, and loan approval is never a certainty-and may delay or prevent closing. (Incidentally, for this reason, buyers who get pre-qualified for a loan have an edge over other buyers. A pre-qualified buyer is the same as a cash buyer.)

Buyers offering a larger-than-customary amount of "earnest money"-(a deposit that accompanies an offer)-can be more appealing too.